[NewCandle] further adventures of pixie 23

[Horace Heffner]

The following is a work in progress, but it might give you some ideas  
regarding sustained reactions in Al with loaded hydrogen plus a  
neutron source.  There may be a high energy electron or gamma  
reaction with the adsorbed hydrogen that can chain with 12% extra  
neutrons, plus any neutrons from muon catalyzed fusion, to sustain a  
brief quasi-chain reaction that amplifies the ordinary neutron  
production from the U, but which has significant high energy  
signatures of its own.

Cold Fusion Associated Nuclear Reactions

DEFLATION FUSION

Any theory that is to describe low energy nuclear reactions (LENR)  
has to explain not only how the Coulomb barrier is breached, why high  
energy particles and gammas are not seen from hydrogen fusion  
reactions, and why the branching ratios are so skewed, but also why  
almost no signature, including heat, is seen from heavy lattice  
element transmutation.  It appears unlikely that this can happen  
without the presence of one or more catalytic electrons in the mix  
which highly de-energize the fused nucleus.  If a nucleus is not  
highly energized to begin with, then there is no need to figure out  
how high energy products are absorbed by the lattice.  Such a tightly  
bound state of hydrogen is defined as a deflated hydrogen state.  
Deflation Fusion, a process whereby a ground state electron bound to  
a hydrogen nucleus for attosecond durations, the initial deflated  
state,  makes breaking the Coulomb barrier feasible.  This concept  
was published as "Speculations Regarding the Nature of Cold  
Fusion",Infinite Energy (I.E.), Volume 14, Issue 80, July/August  
2008, and here:

http://www.mtaonline.net/%7Ehheffner/DeflationFusion2.pdf

Following is a further examination of the deflated state, the nature  
of the initial deflated state, with a proposal of the possible role  
of the proton's up quark in this state, and the possible role of  
strange quarks in signature event creation.


THE UP QUARK AS DEFLATION NUCLEATOR

Even in the deuteron or triton, the proton has to be the focus, the  
nucleator, of the electron deflated state, because it is the only  
hadron with a positive charge.  Beyond that, the up quark in the  
proton, being the positive quark type in the proton and neutron,  
singly or as a pair, must be the nucleator of the deflated state. The  
following calculation is intended to be a rough estimate showing the  
feasibility of at least a momentary up quark plus electron bound  
state (U e)* within the proton, thus creating a (p e)*, (d e)* or (T  
e)* state in the hydrogen nucleus in which the proton resides:

http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/FusionUpQuark.pdf

This calculation demonstrates that, ironically, the more collapsed,  
i.e. the smaller, the deflated portion of the electron wavefunction  
leading to cold fusion, the higher the field densities and potential  
for high energy vacuum exchanges, high mass virtual particle  
formation, and weak interactions.   Such weak interactions are not  
expected from the catalyzing deflated hydrogen state, because it is  
too brief. However, following tunneling with/to another nucleus, the  
greatly de-energized resulting nucleus provides enough time for weak  
reactions to occur. Such candidate reactions have been described in  
Giancarlo Gazzoni's article on electroweak interactions as they apply  
to cold fusion and half-life reductions:

http://philica.com/display_article.php?article_id=160

These reactions, or other electron mechanics, especially in a highly  
de-energized nucleus, result in low energy gammas, which are  
characteristic of cold fusion reactions.


STRANGE QUARKS

A wide variety of reactions are made possible by the frequent  
presence of strange quark pairs, created periodically and momentarily  
from the vacuum, inside the proton and possibly the neutron. See:

http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0904/0904.4009v2.pdf

The positive strange quark can act as a momentary nucleator for the  
deflated state as well.


PROTON REACTIONS

Nuclear events need not only come from D or T nuclei, though these  
have a higher probability due to the large cross section of the  
strong force compared to the weak force reactions. There have been  
hints of the possibility of "cold" proton reactions in various  
experiments.  It is suggested here that neither the conventional hot  
p-p nor the conventional hot p-e-p reactions could be expected to  
have reaction rates that explain LENR excess heat, because they are  
weak reactions and have clear signatures.  It is expected strong  
lattice element x transmutations of the form p-e-x to be many orders  
of magnitude more probable, and that such transmutations would  
produce far less excess heat than the nuclear reactions and mass loss  
would normally indicate.  Further, the following reaction might  
produce excess heat by extracting it from the vacuum:

    p + e + p -> (p e)* + p -> (p e p)* -> (p e p)* + gamma -> p + e  
+ p + gamma

Here the "gamma" is only called gamma because it is radiation issued  
from a composite of sub-atomic size, but it consists of many photons  
in the EUV range.  The electron in the (p e p)* state is massive and  
small in wave length, and capable of radiation as well as expanding  
its wave form via zero point energy.  The binding energy of the (p e  
p)* state is electromagnetic and possibly electroweak, with a  
significant portion being magnetic, i.e. a relativistic retarded  
virtual photon exchange, with energy borrowed from the vacuum for  
momentary heavy particle creation.  The mechanism of photon creation  
is thought to be spin flipping during interactions of the electron  
with quarks.

Both lattice transmutation and the radiating (p e p)* states can be  
expected to be preceded by formation of a briefly existing deflated  
state hydrogen state, i.e.:

    p + e <-> (p e)*

and catalyzed by the resulting (p e)* complex.  The (p e)* deflated  
state is a neutral energy state, a degenerate quantum state that  
coexists with the p + e state.  However, once, by tunneling, such a  
complex combines with a positive nucleus, the resulting complex, (p e  
p)* or (p e x)* is highly de-energized by an amount dependent upon  
the initial wavelength of the state that results from the tunneling  
and wave function collapse.  This de-energizing is not energy  
conservative.  The field energy is momentarily returned to the  
vacuum.  Considering the cold fusion version of the p-e-p reaction we  
would most commonly have:

   p + e + p -> (p e)* + p -> (p e p)* -> p + e + p + gamma

where gamma is multiple EUV photons derived from vacuum energy. The  
gammas are produced from vacuum energy, as the electron goes through  
a process of expanding its wave length and radiating, even though the  
initial (p e p)* complex state is highly de-energized.

Similarly, the electron catalyzed p(x,y)gamma transmutation reaction  
would occur as follows:

   p + e + x -> (p e)* + x -> (p e x)* -> y + e + gamma

where the energy released in the form of multiple gammas has far less  
to do with the mass change from x to y than the size of the initial
collapsed (p e x)* wave function.


NUCLEAR ZERO POINT ENERGY

The amount and probability of zero point energy, nuclear heat, in the  
form of photons, depends on the duration of the electron's existence  
in the nucleus.  As noted in the Deflation Fusion article above, the  
existence time for the deflated (p e)* or (D e)* state is  
attoseconds, though its probability of existence can be high, due to  
a high repetition rate. This attosecond existence time greatly  
reduces the probability of photon emission from this state. Not so  
the post tunneling created de-energized composite structures, (p e p) 
*, (p e D)*, (D e D)*, (p e X)*, or (D e X)*, the existence of which  
is prolonged by the electron not having enough kinetic energy to  
escape. The half life of the de-energized states may also be  
prolonged by momentary and vacuum enabled electroweak reactions in  
the nucleus, some of which may in fact produce soft x-ray or EUV  
photons.  Various of such reactions have been proposed by Giancarlo  
Giazzoni:

http://philica.com/display_article.php?article_id=160

It appears likely that zero point energy is available to a small  
wavelength electron in a nucleus, especially within Ni or Al  
cathodes, i.e. from a (p e Ni)* or (p e Al)* state, or in association  
with Li absorbed in cathodes. See:

http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/NuclearZPEtapping.pdf
http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/HeisenbergTraps.pdf

The existence of at least a brief small wavelength (p e)* or (D e)*  
state, of some kind, whether as specified here or not, can not be  
denied.  Electrons in fact exist within the nucleus with small  
probability even in ordinary hydrogen.   Electrons exist in nuclei  
prior to electron capture.  Such electrons have high kinetic energy,  
high (relativistic) mass, and small size.  Electrons pass through the  
nucleus with very high probabilities, i.e. high repetition rates, in  
some molecules and it appears there is a high probability of such  
transits associated with partial orbitals that are created in the  
lattice.  See:

http://mtaonline.net/~hheffner/PartOrb.pdf

especially the addendum.

The reaction:

    p + e <-> (p e)*

has no associated energy unless a photon emission occurs, but then  
that is another reaction entirely.  The (p e)* state has an  
attosecond order existence.  The transformation to and from the  
deflated (p e)* state is thus rapid and may in fact exist only in a  
probabilistic quantum wave form sense.  It requires no stretch of  
imagination or credulity to accept the possibility a (p e)* state  
complex can tunnel as a whole, or be tunneled to, by a charged  
particle. Even paired electrons in semiconductors have the ability to  
tunnel as pairs.  Engineering excess heat is thus largely a matter of  
engineering high probabilities of deflated states, and high tunneling  
rates within the lattice.


NUCLEAR REMEDIATION

Proton based reaction may account for change in thorium and other  
decay rates in ultrasonic cavitation experiments.  An article about  
this:

http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327190.100-nuclear-decay- 
puzzle.html

States:

"The most dramatic change in radioactive decay has, however, recently  
been observed by Fabio Cardone and others on the decay of thorium-228  
by using ultrasonic cavitation in water (Physics Letters A, vol 373,  
p 1956). In this case, the radioactive decay rate was increased by a  
whopping factor of 10,000."

The capture of a deflated state hydrogen (p e)* by Th229 provides a  
surprisingly rational explanation for the results.  No extra energy  
is required for the tunneling.  The reactions are:

   (p +e)* + 228Th -> (229Pa e)* -> 229Th

The 229Th has a 7900 year half-life, with a 5.52 MeV alpha decay, so  
it might not be noticed unless the experiment were run much longer.

It is a notable coincidence that 229Pa has a 1.5 day half-life.  Also  
notable is that 229Pa has two decay modes: electron capture, which is  
normally 99.8% probable, with 0.31 MeV released, and alpha decay,  
which is 0.2% probable, with 5.836 MeV released.  However, the (229Pa  
e)* state is highly de-energized, with the electron in continual  
proximity, so electron capture with no high energy radiation would be  
the principal result.


DEFINING SOME QUARK RELATED NOTATION

Suppose a proton is designated (u,d,u), and a neutron (d,u,d).  This  
is somewhat representative of how, upon inspection, we might expect  
to find the quarks oriented, with the like charge quarks tending to  
be separated, co-located in the proton or neutron wavefunction. The d  
quark has -1/3 q charge and the u quark has +2/3 q charge, giving the  
proton +1 q charge and the neutron neutral, but with an outer  
envelope of negative charge and inner core of positive charge. The  
proton would then interestingly tend to have an outer shell of  
positive charge, and an inner core with neutral to negative charge.    
In an overall deuteron wavefunction, this distribution of charge  
would tend to slightly increase the d-n bond, as of course would spin  
coupling.  In addition there would tend to be a kind of hadron  
version of the van der Waals force between the hadrons, due to  
location uncertainty combined with inter-hadron coulomb co-location  
of quarks exposed on the surfaces of the interacting hadrons.  This  
is a form of a Casimir force that results in some degree of bonding  
or attraction between any two hadrons, including two neutrons, even  
if for a very short half-life.

Now enter the momentarily nucleus bound electron, the deflated  
electron.  A singly deflated proton p* looks like (u,d,(u e)),  and  
is neutral, a doubly deflated proton -p** looks like ((u e), d, (u  
e)), and is negative, while a deflated neutron is -d* (d,(u e),d) and  
is negative.   The momentary (u e) couplet can be called a deflated  
up quark, and simply designated u*, and has -1/3 charge.


WEAK REACTIONS

Now, upon fusion, the deflated up charge u* has the extra  energy  
available for a weak reaction, a u* transformation, the creation of   
namely:

energy + u* -> d + anti-neutrino

which might also be notated:

fusion energy + (u,d,u*) -> (d,u,d) + anti-neutrino

fusion energy + p* -> n + anti-neutrino

where the close bond between the up quark and electron provides the  
extra proximity-time to pull off the weak reaction with a much higher  
cross section than might be expected.

This provides many possible reactions between deflated and ordinary  
combinations of protons, protons plus deuterons and deuterons.

Among the more interesting are:

D* + D -> (nnnp) + anti-neutrino

D* + D* -> nnnn + 2 anti-neutrinos

D** + D -> nnnn + 2 anti-neutrinos

followed instantly by the tunneling of the nnnn or nnnp into a nearby  
nucleus. In fact the second tunneling might be avoided entirely by a  
combined 3-way wavefunction collapse on a lattice nucleus, of the form

D* + X + D* -> Y +  one or two neutrinos

Many of the resulting reactions would produce small kinetic energy  
due to the reaction energy being carried off by neutrinos.


MISCELLANEOUS FUSION REACTIONS

Some other reactions of interest:

p + p* ->  D + anti-neutrino
p + D* -> He3 + anti-neutrino
p* + D -> He3 + anti-neutrino
D + D* -> He4 + e
D + D* -> He3 + n + e
D + D* -> T + p + e
D* + D* -> He4 + 2 e
D* + D* -> T + p +2  e
D* + D* -> He3 +n +  e + anti-neutrino
D** + D -> He4 + 2 e
D** + D -> He3 +n +  e + anti-neutrino
D** + D -> T + p +2  e

There are of course a host of others involving tritium, lithium, and  
boron etc.

Note that these reactions would not be feasible in a plasma because  
the probability of the deflated state forming with high repeatability  
would be nominal.


STRANGE EXCHANGE IN PROTON

Denote an anti-particle with an apostrophe, so S is a -1/3 q strange  
quark, and S' is a +1/3 q anti-strange quark.

If an S S' (virtual) pair is momentarily added to a proton from the  
vacuum, a common event, it could be denoted:

(U,D,U) -> (U,D,U,S,S')

If an anti-strange quark were to nucleate the deflated state this  
would be denoted:

(U,D,U,S,(S' e))

and the bound electron would increase the lifetime of the virtual  
strange quarks. Post fusion this could  result in:

(U,S,U) + (D,S') + e

where the K0 kaon (D,S') goes its separate way post fusion, and the  
alpha formed has a strange proton replacing one of its normal  
protons.  The (u,s,u) particle is called a Sigma+.  The sigma+ has a  
mean lifetime of 8.018x10^-11 s.  It decays into a proton plus pion0,  
or neutron plus pion+. The pion0 has a mean lifetime of 8.4x10^-17 s  
and decays into 2 gammas or a gamma and electron-positron pair.  The  
pion+ has a mean lifetime of 2.6x10^-8 s, and decays into a positive  
muon, mu+, plus muon neutrino, or a positron plus neutrino.  The sigma 
+ decay decays at a mean distance no further than 2.41 cm from its  
origin.


STRANGE EXCHANGE IN NEUTRON

Similarly for the neutron we might have:

(D,U,D) -> (D,U,D,S,S')

If an anti-strange quark were to nucleate the deflated state this  
would be denoted:

(D,U,D,S,(S' e))


and the bound electron would increase the lifetime of the virtual  
quarks. Post fusion this could result in:

(D,U,S) + (D,S') + e

and the K0 kaon again goes its separate way post fusion.  The (D,U,S)  
particle is called a sigma0, and has a 7.4x10^-20 s mean lifetime. It  
decays into a lamda0 plus gamma. The lambda0 has a mean lifetime of  
2.631x10^-10 s, and decays into a proton plus negative pion, pion-,  
or neutron plus pion0.  The sigma0 decays at a mean distance no  
further than 7.89 cm from its origin.

The proportion of kaon production vs ordinary fusion depends on the  
probability of finding a strange quark pair within a hadron, which is  
fairly high.

IMPLICATIONS

Tracks originating deep in CR39 particle detectors near CF cells  
might in some small part be due to short half-life K0s kaons, which  
decay in

     Ts = 0.9822+-0.0020 x 10^-10 s

This gives a mean unobstructed path Ls for the K0s of length:

     Ls = Ts * c = 2.67 cm

or less.

This implies it might be of interest to locate a CR-39 target about  
2.7 cm away from a CF device, or somewhat less to see if anything  
develops.  A stack of CR-39 chips might be of interest.


THE KAON SCENARIOS

The k0 particle is neutral, and thus is capable of mixing,  
oscillating between itself K0, i.e. (d,s'),  and its own antiparticle  
state K0', (d',s).  The frequency of the oscillation Fo being:

     Fo = 0.5351+-00.24 x 10^-10 s

and the oscillation length Lo is:

     Lo = Fo * c = 1.6042 cm

or less.

This means a target just 1.6 cm away from the source of K0 particles,  
or less, might be a locus of accumulation of antimatter down quarks,  
or their annihilation.   Interaction of a k0s', an anti-K0-short,  
with another hadron, feasible because the K0 is neutral, can cause  
annihilation of the down quark pairs d and d' present, resulting in  
gammas, and replacement of the proton or neutron down quark d with a  
strange quark s.

K0-Long, a longer half life particle, can also result, which has half  
life TL given by:

    TL = 581 Ts = 5.697x10^-8 s

and a mean unobstructed path length LL:

    LL = 5.697x10^-8 s * c = 1.71 m

which might be of concern for an operator.

It is of further interest that K0-Short can decay into pion pairs, pi  
+ and Pi-, (u,d') and (d,u'), which have a mean lifetime of 2.6 x  
10^-8 s.  The pi- decays into a negative muon, mu-, and the pi+ into  
a positive muon, mu+.  It is well known the mu- can cause fusion that  
exhibits conventional fusion branching ratios and signatures. Both  
the mu- and mu+ have antimatter quarks which are capable of creating  
their own energetic signature possibilities.

In addition to charged pion pairs, the K-Long can decay into various  
combinations which include neutral pions pi0.  The pi0 can decay into  
two gammas or a gamma plus an electron-anti-electron pair.

KOAN IMPLICATIONS

Perhaps some CF signatures, the comparatively rare strange reactions,  
exist further away from the cell than where the particle detectors  
are typically located. These things also indicate the possible  
utility of kaon barriers.